Important (Read me first!)

This post is a commentary and does not contain any copyrighted material of the reference source.

We strongly recommend accessing/buying the reference source at the same time.

Reference Source

You can understand each word more deeply by utilizing the following YouTube Posts and PDF files.
Also, see how to use Englist.me?

All Words (89 Words)

You can learn all the words from basic to advanced levels in the order they appear in the contents.
If you want learn all words quickly, you can use Quick Look Video.

Quick Look

Podcast

Advanced Words (19 Words)

If you are confident in your vocabulary, you may prefer to study with content that covers only advanced-level words.

Word List

You can quickly review the words in this content from the list below.

Word	Meaning	Advanced
coal	n: a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that is found below the ground and burnt to produce heat
combine	v: to join or merge to form a single thing or group
finite	adj: having a limit or restriction of size, time, etc.
fossil	n: any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing that has become hard and turned into rock
fuel	n: a substance that is typically burned to generate heat or energy
massive	adj: enormous amount; very heavy and solid
rely	v: to require a specific thing or the assistance and support of someone or something to continue, run properly, or succeed.
time-tested	adj: having proven effectiveness and reliability over a long period of time; tested and proven by experience or use
renewable	adj: capable of being renewed, extended, or replaced
stretch	v: to make or be capable of making anything longer or broader without hurting or breaking
dam	n: a wall constructed over a river to block the flow of water, mainly used to generate energy
hydroelectric	adj: relating to the generation of electricity from water power, usually by using turbines or generators powered by falling or flowing water; utilizing the energy of water to generate electricity
essentially	adv: relating to the essential features or concepts of anything
redirect	v: to change the direction or course of something; to send in a different direction
penstock	n: a pipe or conduit used to carry water from a reservoir or dam to a turbine or water wheel used in hydroelectric power generation
blade	n: the flat part of a knife, weapon, or machine with a very thin edge used for cutting
turbine	n: a machine that rotates to generate power from fluids such as water or gas
attach	v: to fasten, join, or connect one thing to another
adjacent	adj: next to, close to, or adjoining something
spin	v: to cause something to rotate rapidly; to cause someone to feel dizzy or disoriented
coil	v: to wind something in a spiral or helical shape; to create a coil or coil-like shape; to group or organize something closely together in a circular or spiral pattern
magnetic	adj: having the properties of attracting or repelling certain materials containing iron or steel
steady	adj: firmly fixed, supported, or balanced; not shaking or moving
electrify	v: to make a machine or system work by using electricity; to make someone extremely enthusiastic about or interested in something
sealed	adj: closed or secured with
excess	n: an amount or quantity beyond what is acceptable, expected, or reasonable
stormy	adj: marked by strong winds, heavy rain, thunder, and lightning; characterized by tumultuous or rough emotions, particularly in a relationship or situation
regardless	adv: not paying attention or considering something or someone even if the situation is bad or there are difficulties
simultaneously	adv: at the same time
flood	n: a large amount of water flowing beyond its normal limits; an overwhelming number or amount
downstream	adv: in the direction that a stream or river flows; (adjective) in the direction of a stream’s current
appeal	n: a serious, earnest, or urgent request for money, information, or help; a quality that makes somebody or something attractive or interest
province	n: the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation
locate	v: to specify or determine the exact position of someone or something
basin	n: a natural depression or valley that is circular or oval on the surface of the earth, especially one that has water in it; a container with a bowl form that is typically used to hold food or liquids
prone	adj: inclined or likely to do something or to show a particular characteristic, especially something bad; lying face downward
transform	v: to change in outward structure or looks;
volatile	adj: likely to change rapidly or unexpectedly, or being unstable or explosive
stable	adj: firm and steady; not easily moved, disturbed, or changed
circulate	v: to move continuously or freely around a place or closed system
construct	v: to build or create something; to assemble or combine different parts to form something whole
epic	n: a long and eventful or heroic history, story, poem, or film; (adjective) very imposing or impressive
separate	v: to force, take, or pull apart; mark as different
cable	n: a set of wires covered by plastic or rubber that carries electricity, phone signals, etc.; a solid thick rope made of twisted hemp or steel wire
span	n: the entire length of something, such as time or space from beginning to end; the amount of space that something covers
grid	n: a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines; a system of high tension cables by which electrical power is distributed throughout a region
ambition	n: a strong wish to do or achieve something
steep	adj: having a sharp inclination or slope
reservoir	n: a natural or artificial lake used to store water for community use; a large or extra supply of something
upstream	adj: in the direction against a stream’s current; (adverb) toward the source or beginning of a stream, river, or process
historic	adj: famous or significant in history, or potentially so
archaeology	n: the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures
displace	v: to force someone or something to leave their home or place of origin, especially as a result of conflict, natural disaster, or manipulation
roughly	adv: approximately but not precisely; with a violent manner
government	n: the group of people with authority to control a country or state
relocate	v: to move or move something or someone to a new place and build a house or a business there
insufficient	adj: not enough for a particular purpose
argue	v: to express differing opinions or points of view, often in a heated or contentious manner; to present a case or reasoning to persuade or convince others
controversial	adj: causing a lot of hot public discussion and dispute
estimate	v: to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something
outweigh	v: to be heavier, more significant, or more critical than something
trauma	n: an emotional wound or shock often has long-lasting effects caused by a highly upsetting or shocking experience
displacement	n: the act of forcing someone or something to leave their home or place of origin, especially as a result of conflict, natural disaster, or manipulation
improve	v: to make or become better
navigable	adj: able to be sailed on or through, especially referring to a body of water or a channel; passable or clear of obstruction for travel
prosperous	adj: successful financially or materially; bringing success or good fortune
watt	n: a standard unit for measuring electrical power
astonishing	adj: surprising or shocking; difficult to believe
outperform	v: to be or do something compared to others of a similar type
determinant	n: a factor, circumstance, or condition that contributes to the shaping, influencing, or determining of a particular outcome or result
install	v: to fix furniture, a machine, or a piece of equipment into position so that it can be used; put into an office or a position
theoretical	adj: relating to the concepts and principles upon which a particular topic is founded, rather than practice and experience
frequency	n: an ordered array of colors into which a light beam can be split
ravine	n: a deep, narrow gorge or valley with steep sides, often carved by the flow of water or a landslide
surging	adj: moving suddenly and powerfully, typically with a forward or upward motion; increasing rapidly or dramatically in quantity or intensity
maximum	adj: the largest or greatest amount or value attainable or attained
atop	adv: on, to, or at the top
planet	n: any of the nine large celestial bodies that circle in the solar system; any celestial body that revolves around a star
waterfall	n: a point in a river or stream where water falls from a high place, for example, over a cliff or rock
volume	n: the amount of space occupied by an object or substance; the magnitude of sound
destroy	v: to ruin or damage severely or completely; to eradicate or eliminate completely
constant	adj: happening repeatedly or all the time
consistent	adj: always behaving or happening in the same way, or having the same thoughts, standards, etc.
rivalry	n: competition or opposition between people or groups, especially in sports or business
democracy	n: a form of government in which the people have the authority to deliberate and decide legislation, or to choose governing officials to do so
republic	n: a state or country in which the people and their elected representatives hold supreme power and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch
vie	v: to compete or contend for something, usually a prize, position, or advantage; to strive for superiority or mastery in one’s field or area of expertise
environment	n: the natural world such as air, water, and land in which humans, animals, and plants live
sustainable	adj: able to continue or be continued for a long time