Important (Read me first!)
This post is a commentary and does not contain any copyrighted material of the reference source.
We strongly recommend accessing/buying the reference source at the same time.
Reference Source
You can understand each word more deeply by utilizing the following YouTube Posts and PDF files.
Also, see how to use Englist.me?
All Words (113 Words)
You can learn all the words from basic to advanced levels in the order they appear in the contents.
If you want learn all words quickly, you can use Quick Look Video.
Quick Look
Podcast
YouTube Post
Vocabulary Builder
Advanced Words (28 Words)
If you are confident in your vocabulary, you may prefer to study with content that covers only advanced-level words.
YouTube Post
Vocabulary Builder
Word List
You can quickly review the words in this content from the list below.
Word | Meaning | Advanced |
---|---|---|
lifetime | n: the duration of someone’s life or something’s existence; | |
planet | n: any of the nine large celestial bodies that circle in the solar system; any celestial body that revolves around a star | |
distant | adj: far away in space, time, or where you are; far apart in relevance, relationship, or kinship | |
inconsequential | adj: of little or no importance or significance; trivial or negligible | |
spark | v: to start something or make it grow, especially suddenly; to emit a tiny piece of fire or electricity | |
tectonics | n: the study of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface, including the movements of tectonic plates, earthquakes, and volcanic activity | |
liquid | n: a substance, such as water or oil that flows freely and is neither a solid nor a gas | |
oxygen | n: the chemical element with the symbol O that is present in air and water and is necessary for people, animals, and plants to live | |
atmosphere | n: the mass of air that surrounds the Earth; the pervading tone or mood of a place, situation, or creative work | |
ancient | adj: relating to the long ago, particularly the historical period preceding the fall of the Western Roman Empire; very old | |
pivotal | adj: relating to or acting as a pivot or central point; crucial or essential to the success or outcome of something | |
evolution | n: a gradual process of transformation of living things | |
observe | v: to watch or notice something carefully, often to gather information or insights; to take note of something or someone; to celebrate or commemorate a special event or occasion | |
crawl | v: to move forward slowly, as people or animals with their bodies near the ground | |
microscopic | adj: tiny; exceedingly precise and detail-oriented; of or used in microscopy | |
bacteria | n: single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms that exist in large numbers in the air, water, and soil, and also in living and dead creatures and plants, and are often a cause of disease | |
fossil | n: any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing that has become hard and turned into rock | |
preserve | v: to keep or maintain a particular quality, feature, etc., especially to prevent it from decaying, being damaged, or being destroyed | |
structure | n: the way of construction of something and the arrangement of its parts, or a complex thing constructed of many parts | |
stromatolite | n: a type of fossilized microbial mat formed by the growth and mineralization of cyanobacteria and other microorganisms, typically found in ancient sedimentary rocks and of great significance to the study of the Earth’s early history and evolution | |
trace | v: to find or discover someone or something that was lost | |
grab | v: to take hold of something or someone suddenly with a hand, especially in a violent way | |
foothold | n: a secure or reliable position in a particular situation, allowing for further progress or expansion; a firm grip or support on a surface | |
destroy | v: to ruin or damage severely or completely; to eradicate or eliminate completely | |
deformity | n: a physical abnormality or distortion | |
puzzle | n: a situation that is difficult to follow or solve; a game, problem, or toy that tests a person’s ingenuity or knowledge; (verb) to cause someone to feel confused because of something difficult to understand | |
volcanic | adj: relating to or produced by or consisting of volcano | |
landscape | n: an expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view; a large area of land, especially in the country and relating to its appearance | |
clue | n: an object, a piece of evidence, or some information that helps someone to find the answer to a problem, question, or mystery | |
origin | n: the first existence or beginning of something | |
bunch | n: a grouping of several similar things which are growing or fastened together | |
wrinkle | n: a small line or fold in something, especially fabric or the skin of the face; a minor difficulty | |
mound | n: a raised area of ground or dirt, often used for burial, construction, or as a fortification; a large, rounded pile or heap | |
peculiar | adj: odd and uncommon, sometimes in an unpleasant way | |
inspect | v: to look at someone or something closely, usually to examine their condition or to detect flaws | |
microscope | n: an instrument used to see objects or substances that are too small to be seen with the naked eye | |
mentor | n: a person who helps and advises a younger or less experienced person over time, usually at work or school | |
resemble | v: to look like or be similar to someone or something | |
hook | n: a curved device used for suspending, holding, or pulling something, especially one attached to a surface for hanging things on; a sharp curve or crook | |
pond | n: a small, shallow lake | |
chemical | adj: relating to or connected with chemistry; | |
undergo | v: to go through something unpleasant or that involves a change | |
complexity | n: the state or quality of being complicated or intricate and difficult to understand | |
environment | n: the natural world such as air, water, and land in which humans, animals, and plants live | |
dissolve | v: to be or cause to be absorbed by a liquid to form a part of the solution; to close down or dismiss | |
mineral | n: a solid inorganic substance occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition | |
underlying | adj: significant as a cause or basis of something but not immediately apparent or stated clearly | |
organic | adj: of or derived from biological substance; producing plants and animals for food and other items without the use of synthetic chemicals | |
compound | n: an item composed of two or more distinct elements combined; a chemical formed by the combination of two or more elements | |
manufacture | v: to make goods in large numbers, usually in a factory using machines | |
cellular | adj: of or connected with the cells of animals or plants; of or connected with a mobile telephone system that uses several short-range radio stations instead of wires | |
hydrothermal | adj: relating to hot water or steam, especially in the Earth’s crust, and the thermal energy and chemical reactions that occur as a result | |
vent | n: a small opening to escape or release gas, air, liquid, etc.; activity or process that frees or expresses strong creative energy or emotion | |
discovery | n: the act or process of finding information, a place, or an object, or learning about something that was previously not known | |
locate | v: to specify or determine the exact position of someone or something | |
arc | n: the shape of a portion of a circle or other curved line | |
billow | v: to surge or rise in a large, swelling mass, especially of smoke or water; (noun) a large wave or swell of something, especially water or smoke | |
chimney | n: a vertical structure that channels smoke or gas from a fire or furnace out of a building; a hollow column or tube that facilitates air or fluid flow throughout a system | |
fluid | n: a substance that can flow and is not solid | |
scenario | n: a description of possible actions or events in the future; a written outline of a play, film, or literary work | |
probabilistic | adj: characterized by the influence of chance or probability; involving the use of statistical models or methods to estimate likelihoods or risks | |
abundant | adj: present in great quantity | |
alternative | n: one of two or more available possibilities or choice | |
perspective | n: a confident attitude toward something; a particular style of thinking about something | |
conclude | v: to come to an end or close; to reach a judgment or opinion by reasoning | |
volcano | n: a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are or have been erupted from the earth’s crust. | |
geology | n: a science that deals with the history of the earth as recorded in rocks | |
candid | adj: honest, straightforward, and frank in someone’s words or actions | |
debatable | adj: open to discussion or argument; capable of being disputed or doubted | |
flourish | v: to grow or develop vigorously or successfully | |
diversified | adj: characterized by diversity or variety; having different forms or types | |
eventually | adv: finally, particularly after a long time or a lot of struggle, complications, and so on | |
cosmic | adj: relating to the universe or cosmos; vast or limitless | |
communal | adj: belonging to or used by a group rather than individuals; for common use | |
geologist | n: a scientist or specialist who studies geology | |
refer | v: to direct someone’s attention, thoughts, or questions to another source or person; to mention, cite, or allude to something as evidence or support | |
oxide | n: a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element | |
imply | v: to indicate the truth or existence of something without referring to it | |
meter | n: a device used to measure the amount of a particular substance or attribute, such as length, volume, or time; (prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse | |
exposed | adj: having no protection or shield from something, such as bad weather, attack, or criticism | |
gorge | n: a deep narrow valley between hills or mountains, usually with steep sides and a river running through it | |
carve | v: to create something by cutting wood or stone; to turn sharply | |
nation | n: a large organized community of people living in a particular country or region and having a particular culture | |
arrival | n: the act or situation of coming or being brought to a place; accomplishment of an objective | |
evolve | v: to develop gradually, or to cause the development of something or someone gradually | |
ozone | n: a poisonous gas with the chemical formula O3, which has a strong smell | |
modern | adj: of or belonging to the present time or recent times | |
radiation | n: the energy that comes from a nuclear reaction in the form of rays, waves, or particles and that can be hazardous to health | |
ironic | adj: using words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal or usual meaning, often for humorous or rhetorical effect | |
twist | v: to bend or turn something into a certain shape | |
microbe | n: a tiny living thing that can only be seen with a microscope and that may cause disease | |
essence | n: the basic or most important part or quality of something that makes it what it is | |
relinquish | v: to give up power, control, or possession | |
reign | n: the period of time during which a monarch or government holds power; (verb) to be the king or queen | |
fossilized | adj: transformed into a fossil (= something preserved in rock for a very long period) or preserved in the form of a fossil; antiquated or inflexible | |
fuel | n: a substance that is typically burned to generate heat or energy | |
pump | v: to cause water, air, gas, etc. to move from one place to another by using mechanical equipment; to get or supply something such as money, information, etc. in significant quantities | |
vast | adj: enormous in size, number, amount, or quantity | |
carbon | n: a chemical element that can be found in pure form as diamond or graphite, and it is also an essential part of coal and oil and is found in all plants and animals | |
predecessor | n: a person who held a position or office before the current holder | |
substantial | adj: fairly large in size, value, or importance | |
encompass | v: to surround or cover something completely; to include a large number of or different types of things entirely | |
unfortunately | adv: by bad luck; unluckily | |
demise | n: death or the end of something | |
intelligent | adj: having the capacity for thought and reason, especially to a high degree | |
extinguish | v: to cause a fire to stop burning or light to stop shining | |
suspect | v: to consider anything to be actual or probable | |
precious | adj: uncommon and extremely valuable | |
represent | v: to speak, act, or be present on behalf of another person or group; to form or constitute | |
speck | n: a very small spot, piece, or amount | |
forecast | n: a prediction or statement about how something, such as the weather, will develop or what will happen in the future; (verb) to predict the future in advance | |
explanation | n: the information or arguments that someone provides to make something understandable or clear | |
galaxy | n: an independent group of stars, interstellar gas, dark matter, etc., in the universe, bound together by gravity |