Important (Read me first!)

This post is a commentary and does not contain any copyrighted material of the reference source.

We strongly recommend accessing/buying the reference source at the same time.

Reference Source

You can understand each word more deeply by utilizing the following YouTube Posts and PDF files.
Also, see how to use Englist.me?

All Words (124 Words)

You can learn all the words from basic to advanced levels in the order they appear in the contents.
If you want learn all words quickly, you can use Quick Look Video.

Quick Look

Podcast

Advanced Words (27 Words)

If you are confident in your vocabulary, you may prefer to study with content that covers only advanced-level words.

Word List

You can quickly review the words in this content from the list below.

Word	Meaning	Advanced
algae	n: A simple plant that grows in or near water and lacks typical leaves and roots
disappoint	v: to fail to meet someone or their hopes or expectations; to make someone feel sad
refer	v: to direct someone’s attention, thoughts, or questions to another source or person; to mention, cite, or allude to something as evidence or support
phosphorus	n: a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15 that is a non-metallic, highly reactive, and luminescent element
crisis	n: a time of great disagreement, confusion, or danger when problems must be resolved or critical decisions must be taken
fertilizer	n: a natural or chemical substance added to soil to make plants grow more successfully
chemical	adj: relating to or connected with chemistry;
agriculture	n: the practice or science of cultivating the land or raising stock
yield	n: the total output of crops, profits, etc. that are produced; (verb) to produce or supply helpful something, such as a profit, an amount of food, or information
engender	v: to make a feeling or situation exist; to cause or give rise to
environment	n: the natural world such as air, water, and land in which humans, animals, and plants live
precedent	n: a previous event or action that serves as an example or rule to authorize or justify similar events or actions in the future
biology	n: the scientific study of life and the natural processes of living things
nutrient	n: any substance that is essential for the maintenance and growth of living things
soil	n: the top layer of Earth in which plants grow
essential	adj: indispensable; fundamental
nitrogen	n: a chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7, which is a highly reactive element that forms part of many compounds, including amino acids and proteins
calcium	n: a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20, which is an important mineral for the human body
extract	n: a short passage taken from a book, piece of music, etc.; a substance obtained from something through a specific process; (verb) to obtain from something or to remove something by effort or force
problematic	adj: full of difficulties; difficult to deal with or solve
precise	adj: sharply exact or accurate or delimited
component	n: one of several parts that combines with others to form something bigger
molecule	n: a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds
cellular	adj: of or connected with the cells of animals or plants; of or connected with a mobile telephone system that uses several short-range radio stations instead of wires
communicate	v: to share or exchange information with others by speaking, writing, moving your body, or using other signals
membrane	n: a soft, thin layer that forms animal or vegetable tissue
phospholipid	n: a type of lipid that is an essential component of cell membranes, consisting of a phosphate group (= a chemical compound made up of phosphorus and oxygen), glycerol (= a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid), and fatty acid chains
genetic	adj: of or relating to genes (= parts of the DNA in cells) or the science of genes
heritage	n: the culture and traditions that are passed down from previous generations
modern	adj: of or belonging to the present time or recent times
intensive	adj: involving a lot of work or activity in a short time
suppose	v: to think that something is likely to be actual or possible
illogical	adj: not making sense or not based on sound reasoning
wasteful	adj: characterized by excessive or unnecessary use or consumption; using resources or materials inefficiently or inappropriately, resulting in unnecessary waste or expense
unfortunately	adv: by bad luck; unluckily
extraordinary	adj: exceptional, unexpected, very unusual; surpassing the ordinary or usual
launch	v: to send or propel something into the air or space using a device such as a rocket, missile, or spacecraft; to make something available or on sale for the first time
discuss	v: to talk about or examine in detail through conversation or debate; to exchange ideas, opinions, or information on a particular topic
increasingly	adv: more and more
scarce	adj: not abundant or plentiful, and therefore not easy to find or obtain
politician	n: a person who is a member of a government or law-making organization, especially as an elected member of parliament, etc.
pit	n: a hole in the ground or a cavity in a surface; a place for storing or holding something; a section of a theater or sports arena where people can sit
dimension	n: a measurable extent of a particular kind, such as width, height, or length
giant	adj: enormous; much bigger or more important than similar items usually are
perspective	n: a confident attitude toward something; a particular style of thinking about something
comparison	n: the consideration or examination of the similarities between two or more people or things
mention	v: to speak or write about something or someone briefly
replace	v: to take the place of something
biofuel	n: a fuel produced from organic matter, such as crops or waste material, that can be used to replace or supplement traditional fossil fuels
hydropower	n: electricity generated from the energy of moving water, usually using turbines and dams in rivers or other bodies of water
indispensable	adj: so good or important that you could not be omitted or remitted; absolutely necessary
reserve	v: to keep something for future use or contingency; to obtain or arrange something, such as a meeting, seat, etc., in advance
graph	n: a picture consisting of a line, lines, points, etc., that shows how two or more sets of certain quantities are related to each other
rough	adj: not quite exact or correct; having or caused by an irregular surface
represent	v: to speak, act, or be present on behalf of another person or group; to form or constitute
prediction	n: the act of predicting the future by reasoning; a statement made about the future
peak	n: the point to which something or someone is at its strongest, best, or most successful; the pointed top of a mountain
dot	n: a very small circular mark, especially one that is printed
retire	v: to withdraw from one’s position or occupation, especially because of age
paradox	n: a statement, situation, or person that has two opposite facts or features and therefore seems impossible, is difficult to understand, or is strange;
organization	n: a group of people who work together for a shared purpose
paradoxical	adj: seemingly contradictory or absurd because of having two opposite features or facts, though it is probably true
alternative	n: one of two or more available possibilities or choice
optimize	v: to make the best or most effective use of something
destine	v: to determine or set the course of something in advance, often in a way that seems predetermined or inevitable; to specify or choose someone or something for a particular fate or outcome
microscopic	adj: tiny; exceedingly precise and detail-oriented; of or used in microscopy
mushroom	n: a type of fungus that grows on dead or decaying organic matter and typically has a stalk and an umbrella-shaped cap
mysterious	adj: difficult to understand, explain, or identify; having an aura of secrecy, intrigue, or puzzlement
complexity	n: the state or quality of being complicated or intricate and difficult to understand
fascinate	v: to attract and hold the attention of someone deeply and irresistibly
laboratory	n: a workplace for doing scientific research or teaching science; a lab
symbiosis	n: a close, prolonged association between two or more different species of organisms, typically to the advantage of all
bidirectional	adj: capable of functioning or moving in two opposite directions; involving or allowing communication or transmission in two opposite directions
mutual	adj: common to or shared by two or more parties
beneficial	adj: helpful, useful, or sound; promoting or enhancing well-being
association	n: a people or groups of people who have joined in a single organization together for a particular purpose; a social or business connection or relationship
mycorrhiza	n: a mutually beneficial association between a fungus and the roots of a plant, in which the fungus helps the plant absorb water and nutrients, and the plant provides the fungus with sugars produced through photosynthesis
slide	v: to move or cause to move smoothly along a surface without interruption
illustrate	v: to provide pictures, photographs, diagrams, etc. in a book or something for explanation
wheat	n: a cereal plant that is the most important kind grown in temperate countries, the grain of which is ground to make flour for bread, pasta, pastry, etc
normally	adv: usually; under normal conditions
surround	v: to be all around something or somebody
ineffective	adj: not producing any significant or intended effect or result
scope	n: the range of one’s perceptions, thoughts, or actions, or a subject that
invention	n: the creation of a new device or process resulting from study and experimentation; the act of inventing
biotechnology	n: the application of technological processes and methods to biological systems to develop new products or techniques, such as genetically modified organisms or biopharmaceuticals
evolve	v: to develop gradually, or to cause the development of something or someone gradually
adapt	v: to make fit for or change to suit a new purpose or environment
trace	v: to find or discover someone or something that was lost
filament	n: a thin wire or thread, especially one used to produce light in an electric bulb
gentle	adj: having or showing a kindly or tender nature; soft and mild
penetration	n: the act or process of penetrating or entering something, often forcefully or with difficulty; the depth or extent to which something has been entered or understood
proliferate	v: to grow or increase rapidly in number; to reproduce or spread rapidly, especially in an uncontrolled manner
eventually	adv: finally, particularly after a long time or a lot of struggle, complications, and so on
penetrating	adj: able to pierce or enter deeply into something; having a sharp, intense quality that cuts through superficiality or confusion
typical	adj: having the usual characteristics or traits of a specific group of things
structure	n: the way of construction of something and the arrangement of its parts, or a complex thing constructed of many parts
exchange	v: to give something and receive something else in return, often with the implication that the items being traded are of equal or comparable value; (noun) the act of giving or taking something in return for something else; a place or system where goods or services can be bought, sold, or traded
interface	n: (computer science) a program that controls a display for the user and that allows the user to interact with the system; (chemistry) a surface forming a common boundary between two things
diagram	n: a simplified illustration of the appearance, structure, or workings of something
recall	v: to remember something
soluble	adj: able to dissolve in a particular substance or solvent; able to be solved or settled
dissolve	v: to be or cause to be absorbed by a liquid to form a part of the solution; to close down or dismiss
argument	n: a set of statements or reasons used to support or refute a proposition or theory; a verbal or physical fight or dispute
sorghum	n: a type of grain grown in tropical countries
conventional	adj: based on or following traditional rules, standards, customs, etc.
dose	n: a quantity or amount of medicine or a drug that is taken or administered at one time, typically measured out in specific units; a similar measure of exposure to a harmful substance or radiation
achieve	v: to successfully complete a task or goal, often through hard work, perseverance, and dedication; to attain or accomplish something that one has set out to do
soy	n: a legume plant that is widely cultivated for its edible bean, which has many uses, such as for oil, food, and animal feed
indicate	v: to show, point out, or make known something, often through a sign or a symbol; to suggest or imply something without stating it directly
rectangle	n: a four-sided geometric shape with four right angles, where opposite sides are parallel and of equal length
plot	n: a secret plan or scheme to achieve a specific goal; the plan or main story of a literary work; (verb) to plan secretly, usually something illegal
diversify	v: to make something include more different types or things; to spread out activities or investments
undergo	v: to go through something unpleasant or that involves a change
lab	n: a workplace for the conduct of scientific research; a laboratory
industrial	adj: of or relating to or resulting from industry
commercialize	v: to make something available for sale or use on a large scale
alleviate	v: to make something, usually pain, distress, or problem, less severe or intense; to ease or lighten a burden
conclude	v: to come to an end or close; to reach a judgment or opinion by reasoning
topic	n: a subject that is being discussed or written about
retirement	n: the fact or act of stopping working and leaving one’s job
label	n: a small piece of paper, fabric, or other material attached to an object and giving information about it; (verb) to assign to a category
mad	adj: insane, especially due to a mental illness; very angry
grandchild	n: a child of someone’s son or daughter